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How the life simulation is calculated

This page gathers in one place what the tab computes, which figures it takes from where, and what every result is counted in. It describes the arithmetic and is not advice.

T.O.U.G.H.

What this is

A game. One life from eighteen to eighty-five, a month a second, with a start drawn from the real distribution of wealth, an economy drawn from real years, and decisions that land in seven pots and a cost list. It is a simulation and not a forecast, and nothing in it is advice. Taxes and benefits in the game are simplified. Not tax or legal advice.

Nothing leaves the browser. No name, no date of birth, no saved game, no request during a round. The seed of a life is drawn in the tab and shown nowhere.

Every figure the game computes with is in a data file under data/tough2 in the repository, with the office that published it, the year, the address and the day it was read. A figure the concept sets and nobody publishes is marked as a game value in the file and on this page, with the reason.

The seven starting classes

A class is where the parents' household stands in the distribution of net wealth, not what the figure owns. The shares of the seven classes sit on the thresholds of the published distribution. The starting account, the parents' support, the network and the school are parameters of the concept, because nobody publishes what somebody of eighteen from the fourth fifth has in the bank.

  • Distribution of net wealth. Nettovermögen der Haushalte in Deutschland, Schwellen je Perzentil official Source
  • Class 1, armut. 12 per cent of lives, net wealth band 0 to 3,930 euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived
  • Class 2, untere-mitte. 22 per cent of lives, net wealth band 3,930 to 52,120 euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived
  • Class 3, mitte. 30 per cent of lives, net wealth band 52,120 to 252,390 euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived
  • Class 4, obere-mitte. 20 per cent of lives, net wealth band 252,390 to 624,170 euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived
  • Class 5, untere-oberschicht. 10 per cent of lives, net wealth band 624,170 to 1,037,750 euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived
  • Class 6, oberschicht. 5 per cent of lives, net wealth band 1,037,750 to open euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived
  • Class 7, reichtum. 1 per cent of lives, net wealth band 1,037,750 to open euro. Starting account, parents' support, network and school are game values. derived

The six economic regimes

Every year from 1999 to 2025 with all three series (German consumer prices, the S&P 500 with dividends, the euro policy rate) is classified by the rule below, in that order. The durations of the regimes and what follows what are measured out of those years. A regime with fewer than three measured years draws its stock year from the concept's band instead of from history, and the list says which.

Krise: Aktienjahr unter minus 15 Prozent.

Erholung: das Jahr nach einer Krise, wenn das Aktienjahr über null liegt.

Stagflation: Inflation ab 5 Prozent und Aktienjahr zwischen minus 15 und plus 10 Prozent.

Überhitzung: Inflation ab 3 Prozent und Aktienjahr ab plus 15 Prozent.

Nullzins: Leitzins höchstens 0,5 Prozent.

Aufschwung: alles übrige.

  • aufschwung. Rate 3 per cent, prices 2 per cent, stocks 8 to 20 per cent, 3 to 7 years. Measured years: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2024, 2025. Draws from the measured years. derived
  • ueberhitzung. Rate 5 per cent, prices 4 per cent, stocks 15 to 30 per cent, 1 to 3 years. Measured years: 2021. Draws from the concept's band. assumption
  • krise. Rate 2 per cent, prices 1 per cent, stocks -50 to -20 per cent, 1 to 2 years. Measured years: 2002, 2008, 2022. Draws from the measured years. derived
  • erholung. Rate 1 per cent, prices 1 per cent, stocks 10 to 25 per cent, 2 to 4 years. Measured years: 2003, 2009, 2023. Draws from the measured years. derived
  • nullzins. Rate 0 per cent, prices 1 per cent, stocks 5 to 15 per cent, 3 to 8 years. Measured years: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020. Draws from the measured years. derived
  • stagflation. Rate 7 per cent, prices 7 per cent, stocks -5 to 5 per cent, 2 to 5 years. Measured years: none. Draws from the concept's band. assumption

Overheating and stagflation have too few measured years in the window and draw from the band. A small chance of stagflation after overheating and of a crisis after overheating are game values, so that every regime can be reached.

The real years and the assumption from today

A life that begins in a year from 1970 on plays the real years in their real order until 2025, whatever its start: the time travel begins in the year chosen, the random start draws its year between 1970 and 2026 from the seed of the life, "from today" and the headwind begin today. Each real year carries the stock year, the consumer prices and the policy rate of that year and, where a free series has them, house prices, rents and wages. The year is classified by the rule of the regimes above, so the regime on the board is the one those figures make. The board shows the calendar year, and for 1973, 1987, 2000, 2008, 2020, 2022 the name of what happened. Yearly figures show a crash only where the whole year ended down, so 1974, 2002, 2008 and 2022 are crisis years in the game and 1987 and 2020 are not.

From 2026 on the game draws its regimes as before, and the assumption moves the level of the drawn years. By default the assumption is the compound return of the same series over the long run, from 1970 or from the first year a free series carries, in today's purchasing power against German consumer prices: shares 8.1 per cent a year (8.1 per cent since 1970), house prices 1.0 per cent (1.0 per cent since 2006), deposits -0.4 per cent (-0.4 per cent since 1976). Beside it, as a second mark the player may switch to, the last ten calendar years (2016 to 2025): shares 11.8 per cent, house prices 1.7 per cent, deposits -2.2 per cent. The draw itself gives, measured over 200,000 drawn years, 6.8 per cent real for shares, 0.8 per cent for house prices and -0.0 per cent for the account, and every drawn year is moved by the gap between the assumption and that mean, the swings, the crises and the recoveries staying as drawn. The player may change the assumption on the start screen and in the drawer of the pots, the Twin plays the same one. An assumption out of the past, not a forecast.

  • US shares with dividends (S&P 500). Gesamtertrag eines Jahres in Prozent, Dividenden wieder angelegt, in US-Dollar. Der breite Fonds des Spiels rechnet mit dieser Reihe, weil es keine frei nutzbare Weltreihe gibt (siehe aktien_welt). From 1928 to 2025. Source: Aswath Damodaran, NYU Stern, histretSP, Spalte S&P 500 (includes dividends), read 2026-10-23. Licence: Keine Bedingungen veröffentlicht. Nutzung mit Nennung nach W3 in docs/selbstpruefung-recht.md. Quelle: Aswath Damodaran, Historical Returns on Stocks, Bonds and Bills (NYU Stern) derived Source
  • World shares with dividends. Es gibt keine frei nutzbare Jahresreihe für Aktien weltweit mit Dividenden: MSCI World und ACWI sind lizenzpflichtig, STOXX und FTSE ebenso, die akademischen Langreihen (Jordà-Schularick-Taylor) stehen unter CC BY-NC-SA und schließen gewerbliche Anzeige aus, Damodaran führt nur die USA. Geprüft am 21.10.2026 für den Atlas (docs/atlas-quellen.md) und am 08.11.2026 für das Spiel. Nach dem Grundsatz Ausweg statt Streichung rechnet der breite Fonds des Spiels mit der US-Reihe und sagt es auf dem Brett und in der Methodik. Licence: MSCI Terms of Use: ohne Vertrag keine Weitergabe, keine Anzeige (docs/atlas-quellen.md, Abschnitt 1). derived Source
  • German consumer prices. Anstieg des Jahresdurchschnitts des Verbraucherpreisindex gegenüber dem Vorjahr in Prozent. Bis 1993 Westdeutschland. Das Spiel rechnet real, also in heutiger Kaufkraft, mit dieser Reihe. From 1950 to 2025. Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Zeitreihe BBDP1.A.DE.N.VPI.C.A00000.I20.L, read 2026-10-23. Licence: Nutzungsbedingungen der Deutschen Bundesbank (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert). Grundlage Destatis, Datenlizenz Deutschland Namensnennung 2.0. Quelle: Deutsche Bundesbank, eigene Berechnung auf Basis von Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes (Destatis), dl-de/by-2-0 derived Source
  • Policy rate (discount rate, ECB from 1999). Jahresmittel der Monatsendstände in Prozent. Bis 1998 Diskontsatz der Bank deutscher Länder und der Bundesbank, ab 1999 Hauptrefinanzierungssatz der EZB. Der Zins des Spiels (Konto, Kredite mit Aufschlag) folgt in echten Jahren dieser Reihe. From 1949 to 2025. Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Zeitreihen BBIN1.M.DE.BBK.BBKDIS.DEM.ME und BBIN1.M.D0.ECB.ECBMIN.EUR.ME, read 2026-10-23. Licence: Nutzungsbedingungen der Deutschen Bundesbank (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert). Quelle: Deutsche Bundesbank derived Source
  • Interest on savings deposits, Germany. Jahresmittel des Zinses in Prozent, den Banken privaten Haushalten auf Spareinlagen zahlen. Bis 2002 Bundesbank-Zinsstatistik, ab 2003 MFI-Zinsstatistik. Die Reihe beginnt im Februar 1975, das erste volle Jahr ist 1976. Grundlage der Annahme für Einlagen. From 1976 to 2025. Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Zinsstatistik, Reihe BBIB1.M.DE.B.H.DNB.SPM.K3M.A.N1.11A (SU0022), bis 2002, und MFI-Zinsstatistik, Reihe MIR.M.DE.B.L23.D.R.A.2250.EUR.N (EZB Data Portal), ab 2003, read 2026-10-23. Licence: Nutzungsbedingungen der Deutschen Bundesbank (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert) und ECB statistics usage policy (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert). Quelle: Deutsche Bundesbank. Source: ECB statistics. derived Source
  • German house prices. Anstieg des Häuserpreisindex (Jahresdurchschnitt) gegenüber dem Vorjahr in Prozent, Wohnimmobilien, alle Käufe. Ab 2006, weil die freie Reihe 2005 beginnt. Die längere Reihe der Bundesbank (bulwiengesa) ist Daten Dritter und nicht frei. Vor 2006 zieht das Spiel den Hauspreis der Lage. From 2006 to 2025. Source: Eurostat, House price index (prc_hpi_a), Deutschland, Daten des Statistischen Bundesamtes, read 2026-10-23. Licence: Eurostat Copyright Notice (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe). Quelle: Eurostat derived Source
  • German rents (CPI 04.1, actual rentals). Anstieg des Jahresdurchschnitts des Teilindex 04.1 Tatsächliche Wohnungsmiete des Verbraucherpreisindex gegenüber dem Vorjahr in Prozent, 2020 = 100. Monatswerte des Statistischen Bundesamtes, bereitgestellt über die Zeitreihen-Datenbank der Bundesbank. Ab 1996, weil die Reihe im Januar 1995 beginnt. In echten Jahren folgt die Kaltmiete eines Mieters im Spiel dieser Reihe statt den Verbraucherpreisen. From 1996 to 2025. Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Zeitreihe BBDP1.M.DE.N.VPI.C.C2C041.I20.A (Statistisches Bundesamt, Verbraucherpreisindex 04.1), read 2026-11-08. Licence: Nutzungsbedingungen der Deutschen Bundesbank (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert). Grundlage Destatis, Datenlizenz Deutschland Namensnennung 2.0. Quelle: Deutsche Bundesbank, eigene Berechnung auf Basis von Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes (Destatis), dl-de/by-2-0 derived Source
  • Gross wages and salaries per employee, Germany. Anstieg der Bruttolöhne und -gehälter je Arbeitnehmer (Inlandskonzept) gegenüber dem Vorjahr in Prozent, nominal: Löhne und Gehälter aller Wirtschaftszweige (Eurostat nama_10_a10, D11, jeweilige Preise) geteilt durch die Zahl der Arbeitnehmer (nama_10_a10_e, SAL_DC). Daten des Statistischen Bundesamtes in der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung, ab 1991. Ab 1992 als Veränderung. In echten Jahren wächst das Gehalt im Spiel mit dieser Reihe statt mit den Verbraucherpreisen, der Karriereaufschlag des Spiels bleibt. From 1992 to 2025. Source: Eurostat, nama_10_a10 (Wages and salaries, D11, Germany) und nama_10_a10_e (Employees, SAL_DC, Germany), read 2026-11-08. Licence: Eurostat Copyright Notice (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, Änderungen gekennzeichnet). Quelle: Eurostat, eigene Berechnung (Löhne und Gehälter je Arbeitnehmer) derived Source
  • Gold in euros. Anstieg des Jahresdurchschnittspreises je Feinunze in Euro (vor 1999 D-Mark in Euro umgerechnet) gegenüber dem Vorjahr in Prozent. Kein Topf des Spiels, eine Reihe für die Annahme und die Methodik. From 1950 to 2025. Source: World Bank, Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet), Gold, ab 1960, und U.S. Geological Survey, Data Series 140 (Gold), 1900 bis 1959, umgerechnet mit Devisenkursen der Deutschen Bundesbank (BBEX3.A.USD.DEM.AA.AC.A04) und Euro-Referenzkursen der EZB (EXR.A.USD.EUR.SP00.A), read 2026-10-23. Licence: CC BY 4.0 (World Bank, Commodity Price Data, "Using this Data") und U.S. Public Domain (U.S. Geological Survey) und Nutzungsbedingungen der Deutschen Bundesbank (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert) und ECB statistics usage policy (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert). Source: World Bank, Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet), licensed under CC BY 4.0. Credit: U.S. Geological Survey. Quelle: Deutsche Bundesbank. Source: ECB statistics. derived Source
  • Bitcoin in euros. Veränderung des Jahresendkurses in Euro gegenüber dem Vorjahr in Prozent. Jahresendkurs in US-Dollar aus data/bitcoin-jahresende.json (je Jahr ein Einzelfakt mit mindestens zwei unabhängigen öffentlichen Belegen, keine Reihe eines Anbieters), umgerechnet mit dem Euro-Referenzkurs der EZB vom letzten Handelstag des Jahres. Ab 2012, weil der erste belegte Jahresendkurs der von 2011 ist. Kein Topf des Spiels, eine Reihe für die Annahme und die Methodik. From 2012 to 2025. Source: data/bitcoin-jahresende.json (Einzelfakten mit Belegen) und Europäische Zentralbank, Euro-Referenzkurs EXR.D.USD.EUR.SP00.A, read 2026-10-22. Licence: Belege je Jahr in der Datei genannt (öffentliche Quellen, Einzelfakten). ECB statistics usage policy (gewerbliche Nutzung mit Quellenangabe, unverändert). Source: ECB statistics. Jahresendkurse: Belege in data/bitcoin-jahresende.json derived Source

Where a free series has no figure for a year the game draws as before and says so: house prices before 2006, rents before 1996, wages before 1992, savings deposits before 1976, bitcoin before 2012; the time travel and the random start begin in 1970 at the earliest. World shares with dividends have no free series at all (MSCI, STOXX and FTSE license their indices, the academic long series exclude commercial use), so the broad fund of the game follows the US series: US shares with dividends, no free world series, as the mark on the dial of the assumption says. Rates on loans follow the policy rate with the surcharges of the cost list, in real years too. The series since 1970 begins where the series begins, and the figure names that year.

The Comb market: twelve invented industries

No real company, fund, bank or product appears in the game. Each industry has a cycle of rise, plateau and decline, a spread for single shares, and is modelled on a real episode with a source. A flotation is three times nought and once tenfold. A company in an industry in decline goes under with ten per cent a year.

  • energieriese. Die Ölkonzerne der 1970er Jahre nach den beiden Ölpreisschocks. Cycle 8, 10 and 8 years, spread 20 per cent. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Crude Oil Prices history. assumption Source
  • grossbank. Die Großbanken vor und nach 2008. Cycle 10, 8 and 4 years, spread 30 per cent. Source: Bank for International Settlements, 79th Annual Report 2008/09. assumption Source
  • konsumgueter. Hersteller von Dingen des täglichen Bedarfs, die über Jahrzehnte ruhig wachsen. Cycle 15, 20 and 10 years, spread 10 per cent. Source: Destatis, Verbraucherpreisindex, Gruppe Nahrungsmittel und Haushaltswaren. assumption Source
  • maschinenbau. Der Maschinenbau, der mit der Weltkonjunktur atmet. Cycle 6, 8 and 4 years, spread 20 per cent. Source: Destatis, Produktionsindex Maschinenbau. assumption Source
  • netzwerk_hype. Die Internetfirmen um das Jahr 2000, als der Nasdaq Composite in zweieinhalb Jahren drei Viertel verlor. Cycle 4, 1 and 3 years, spread 60 per cent. Source: Nasdaq, Nasdaq Composite Index history. assumption Source
  • plattform. Die Plattformen der 2010er Jahre, deren Nutzerzahlen schneller wuchsen als alles vorher. Cycle 10, 8 and 6 years, spread 30 per cent. Source: S&P 500 mit Dividenden, Reihe spx_tr in data/markets.json, Jahre 2010 bis 2021. assumption Source
  • chips_rechenzentren. Halbleiter und Rechenzentren der 2020er Jahre, mit einem Zyklus, der so alt ist wie der Chip selbst. Cycle 6, 4 and 4 years, spread 45 per cent. Source: World Semiconductor Trade Statistics, Jahresumsätze der Halbleiterindustrie. assumption Source
  • alter_pflege. Alter und Pflege: eine Nachfrage, die aus der Bevölkerungspyramide folgt. Cycle 15, 15 and 10 years, spread 15 per cent. Source: Destatis, 15. koordinierte Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung. assumption Source
  • wasser. Wasser und Aufbereitung, ein Geschäft mit langsamer, sicherer Nachfrage. Cycle 12, 20 and 8 years, spread 12 per cent. Source: Umweltbundesamt, Wasserwirtschaft in Deutschland. assumption Source
  • speicher_netze. Speicher und Netze für eine Stromversorgung aus Wind und Sonne. Cycle 8, 10 and 6 years, spread 35 per cent. Source: Bundesnetzagentur, Monitoringbericht. assumption Source
  • robotik. Robotik, mit den Zyklen der Automatisierung. Cycle 8, 6 and 5 years, spread 40 per cent. Source: International Federation of Robotics, World Robotics Report. assumption Source
  • raum. Raumfahrt als Geschäft: wenige Gewinner, viele Totalverluste. Cycle 10, 5 and 6 years, spread 55 per cent. Source: European Space Agency, Annual Report. assumption Source

The cost list

Every line of the list is read from data/tough2/kosten.json and multiplied by the price level of the game year, which rises with each year's inflation.

  • Rent, cold. 7.28 euro a square metre in Germany and 12.98 in Munich (2022). The five city classes are factors on these two anchors and are game values. derived Source
  • Charges. 1.32 euro a square metre, the difference of gross and net cold rent. Heating and electricity are 2 euro a square metre and a game value, because the survey folds energy into one group with rent and owners' imputed rents. derived Source
  • Household. Consumption less the housing group less the transport group: 906 euro alone, 1821 euro as a couple (2023). The lifestyle factor from 0.8 to 1.6 is a game value. This figure times the lifestyle is the upper bound: the line follows the income, and a household spends 90 per cent of what its income leaves after every other line, never less than the standard rates of the adults under § 20 SGB II without their shares for energy and transport under § 5 RBEG, because both are lines of their own. The 90 per cent are a game value. derived Source
  • Children. 679 euro a month up to six, 657 from six to twelve (derived from the average), 953 from twelve, 992 for a student away from home (the statutory maximum of the student grant). The child's share of housing comes off, because housing is its own line. Nursery fees are a game value, because the states set them. derived Source
  • Car. Used 240, new 240, bigger new 270 euro a month for fuel, workshop, tax and insurance, without the loss of value. These are game values, because no official statistic gives the running cost of a car by class. The price is paid from the account or by the loan, and the car is part of the wealth: it starts at its price and loses the same part of it each full year, down to nought after 6 years, the useful life of the finance ministry's depreciation table for cars (a game value with an official origin). A loan pays for the car, it brings no money to the account. For scale, couples spend 424 euro a month on transport and couples with children 536 (2023), households without a car included. Leasing is left out, no source gives a class figure. assumption Source
  • Public transport. 63 euro a month, the Deutschlandticket from 2026. official Source
  • Insurance. 50 euro a month for liability, contents and legal cover, derived from what households spend on such cover a year (2022). Cover for not being able to work is 60 to 120 euro and a game value, because nobody publishes an average premium. derived Source
  • Loans. Every rate is the regime's policy rate plus a surcharge: mortgage 1.5, car 3, consumer 5, overdraft 9 points, plus up to six points for a low standing with the banks. The surcharges are game values set to the historical spans of the Bundesbank series. The overdraft is a limit of 3 months of the household's income (a game value); above it the bank cancels it and the debt carries default interest, 5 points over the base rate (§ 288 BGB). Default interest bears no interest itself (§ 289 BGB). Where the debt outgrows two years of costs and the own home covers it, the home is sold ten per cent under value (a game value) and the debt paid, otherwise the life goes into bankruptcy. A mortgage is granted only where the payment stays within 35 per cent of the household's income and the equity with the costs of the purchase is saved: the law asks for the check (§ 505a BGB), the share is a game value. Where the loan runs past the standard pension age, the payment must also stay within that share of the income expected in retirement (§ 4 (3) ImmoKWPLV). From 45 an owner deep in the overdraft can move it into a charge on the home at the mortgage rate over 10 years (a game value). The bank checks again, because the loan brings new money (§ 505a (2), § 505b (2) BGB): the payments of every loan within the same share of the income, today and in retirement, and mortgage and charge together within 60 per cent of the home's value (a game value after § 14 PfandBG). From sixty a card offers to sell the home in the shortfall, at the same ten per cent of costs, before the creditors do. assumption Source
  • A home. 27 years of the cold rent of the same size in the same city class, a game value, because no freely usable official series gives the ratio of price to rent. Transfer tax 3.5 per cent (the federal rate), notary and registry 2 per cent, agent 3.57 per cent. assumption Source

Taxes, contributions and the social net

Tax mechanics in the game, from income tax to the depreciation and the taxation of a let flat, are a simplified calculation of the game under the law in force, not tax advice and not an investment recommendation. Taxes and benefits in the game are simplified. Not tax or legal advice. The income tax is the formula of § 32a EStG in its five zones, never a table. Contributions are one rate of twenty per cent of the gross up to the official ceiling, which is the concept's simplification. Capital gains carry the flat rate with the allowance and the partial exemption. A home sold after ten years, or lived in, is free of tax.

  • Income tax. § 32a Abs. 1 EStG, Fassung für den Veranlagungszeitraum ab 2026 official Source
  • Contributions. 20 per cent up to 101,400 euro a year. Eine Pauschale von 20 Prozent des Bruttos bis zur Beitragsbemessungsgrenze, statt vier Beitragssätzen mit Zusatzbeitrag, Kinderlosenzuschlag und Arbeitgeberanteil. Entscheidung des Konzepts (Abschnitt 5): das Spiel soll zeigen, dass vom Brutto ein Fünftel fehlt, bevor die Steuer anfängt, und nicht Beitragsrecht lehren. Die echten Sätze 2026 liegen zusammen in dieser Größenordnung, und die Beitragsbemessungsgrenze darunter ist die amtliche. assumption Source
  • Capital gains. 25 per cent plus the solidarity surcharge, allowance 1000 and 2000 euro, partial exemption 30 per cent on the broad fund. official Source
  • BAföG. 500 euro a month while studying (a game value below the maximum of 992 euro, § 13 and § 13a BAföG), tax free. Half of it is a loan without interest (§ 17 (2), § 18 (2) BAföG), repaid at 130 euro a month from 5 years after the end of the study (§ 18 (3) and (4)); what is left after 77 payments is waived (§ 18 (13)), so the loan never costs more than 10,010 euro. A side job of the student years ends with them. official Source
  • Child benefit. 259 euro a month per child, and the allowance where it is worth more, as the tax office compares them. official Source
  • Basic support. Grundsicherungsgeld, as § 19 SGB II has called it since 2026, before that Bürgergeld. Standard rates 563 to 357 euro. Die Beträge sind die von 2025. Die Fortschreibung hätte 2026 niedrigere Werte ergeben, und dann greift der Bestandsschutz nach § 28a Abs. 5 SGB XII, der die Vorjahresbeträge stehen lässt. Housing and heating count as they are, up to the housing benefit cap plus 10 per cent (§ 22 SGB II), for an owner the interest and not the repayment. In the first 12 months of the help and the 6 after them the rent counts as it is, up to 1.5 times that cap. A month without help lengthens this waiting year, and a new one begins only after three years without. The game gives the six months in full, and at the end of the waiting year a card offers a cheaper flat at the cap, the move paid by the job centre (§ 22 (4) and (6) SGB II). Earned income keeps the allowance of § 11b SGB II. A single parent gets the additional need of § 21 (3) SGB II: 36 per cent of the standard rate with one child under seven or two or three under sixteen, otherwise 12 per cent a child, at most 60. Once granted, the help runs while the need does. official Source
  • Means test. Basic support comes only once the account, the fund, the shares and a let flat are used up to the allowances of § 12 SGB II: 5,000, 10,000, 12,500, 20,000 euro a person by age, added up over the household. The car, the company pension and an own home up to 140 square metres are left alone, in the first year of the help any own home. A self-employed person without pension contributions keeps 9,000 euro for each year begun. Simplified: every home has the limit of a house, the partner the allowance of the player's age, a stake does not count because the game has no market for it, and the loan the job centre can give until a home is sold is left out. Housing benefit does not test for considerable wealth. official Source
  • Housing benefit. The formula of § 19 WoGG with the coefficients and caps of its annexes. The five city classes map onto seven rent levels, choosing the lower where they do not meet. official Source
  • Parental allowance. 67 per cent of the net before the birth with both slides, 300 to 1800 euro, twelve months. official Source
  • Unemployment benefit. 60 per cent of the net, 67 with a child, 12 months and more from fifty, a block of 12 weeks after a resignation. The self-employed have it only on request, at 103 euro a month. official Source
  • Pension. 42.52 euro a month per point from 2026-07-01, a point for a year at the average earnings of 51,944 euro, 36 months per child, the access factor of § 77 SGB VI for every month before or after sixty-seven. official Source
  • Reduced earning capacity. After 5 years of contributions the statutory pension of § 43 SGB VI: the points so far, the years up to 67 added at their average (§ 59), and the access factor 0.892 (§ 77). A private cover is paid on top. official Source
  • Care. Care allowance 347 to 990 euro by grade. A home costs 3,400 euro a month out of pocket in the first year, a game value, because no official statistic publishes what residents pay. Children pay above 100,000 euro of their own gross. official Source
  • Inheritance. Allowances 500,000 euro for a spouse, 400,000 per child, 20,000 for an unmarried partner. The tariff of § 19 ErbStG at the rate of the whole acquisition, without the hardship relief, which makes the figure slightly too high at the steps. official Source

The person, the partner, the children

Energy, motivation, network and health are game values of the concept. Energy follows out of the week: sleep and free hours against work, commute, children and care. What the statistics give, the game takes from them.

  • Life expectancy. 83.6 years for women and 79.1 for men (2025). The yearly chance of dying is a Gompertz curve calibrated to these figures, not a life table, and health shifts it. derived Source
  • Sex. 6 per cent on a job offer for a woman (the adjusted pay gap) and parental leave as the default, 25.9 per cent of fathers take it. The game shows statistics, not fairness. official Source
  • Meeting somebody. A curve from 20 to 45 hung on the age at first marriage, Destatis, Eheschließungen 2024: Durchschnittsalter bei der ersten Heirat 32,9 Jahre (Frauen) und 35,3 Jahre (Männer). Pressemitteilung vom Februar 2024 für das Jahr 2022 (32,2 und 34,6) und Mitteilung 2025 für 2024. assumption Source
  • The partner's income. Destatis, Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern und Vätern 2024: 69 Prozent der Mütter mit minderjährigen Kindern erwerbstätig, davon 66 Prozent in Teilzeit, 92 Prozent der Väter erwerbstätig. derived Source
  • Children. The chance that a wish comes true follows the mother's age in four points of the concept. Each child is drawn with health, talent, temperament and a way with money, all game values. 28 per cent of students drop out, a game value set above the 12 per cent the Federal Statistical Office counts in the first three semesters alone. assumption Source
  • Where you stand. Destatis, Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen: Sparquote der privaten Haushalte 2025 10,3 Prozent des verfügbaren Einkommens, 2024 11,2 Prozent. Deutsche Bundesbank, PHF Welle 2021, Pressegespräch 21. April 2023: 15 Prozent der Haushalte halten Aktien, 21 Prozent Fonds. Haushalte mit mindestens einem von beiden sind rund 29 Prozent, also 71 Prozent ohne. official Source

The events and their chances

Nought to two a year, drawn by age and regime. Every probability is the concept's smoothing of a statistic onto one figure a year and is a game value, with the statistic beside it. Disability is the exception: its chance rises with age and is derived from the official inflow into the reduced earning capacity pension.

  • arbeitslosigkeit. 3 per cent a year, 8 in a crisis. Arbeitslosengeld nach alg.json für 6 bis 18 Monate, dann das nächste Jobangebot, ab 50 halb so viele Angebote. Eurostat, Arbeitsmarktübergänge nach der Arbeitskräfteerhebung (lfsi_long_q), Deutschland, eigene Rechnung: von Erwerbstätigkeit in Erwerbslosigkeit gingen je Quartal 270.000 bis 482.000 Menschen bei rund 40,6 Millionen Erwerbstätigen, zusammen 3,0 Prozent im Jahr 2023, 3,5 Prozent 2024 und 3,7 Prozent 2025. Das Spiel glättet auf drei Prozent. Eurostat erlaubt die gewerbliche Weiterverwendung mit Quellenangabe (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/help/copyright-notice, gelesen am 21. Oktober 2026). assumption Source
  • krankheit. 2 per cent a year. Energie minus 30, Gehalt nach sechs Wochen 70 Prozent (Krankengeld § 47 SGB V) für drei bis neun Monate. Krankenkassen, Fehlzeitenreports: Langzeiterkrankungen über sechs Wochen betreffen je Jahr einen kleinen einstelligen Anteil der Beschäftigten. Krankengeld 70 Prozent des Bruttos, höchstens 90 Prozent des Nettos: § 47 Abs. 1 SGB V. assumption Source
  • berufsunfaehigkeit. By age, per cent a year: 18 to 29: 0.08, 30 to 39: 0.16, 40 to 49: 0.33, 50 to 59: 0.67, 60 to 66: 1.2, 0.43 on average. ohne BU der Mindestsatz aus sozial.json, mit BU 60 Prozent des Gehalts bis 67, Humankapital auf null. Angelehnt an die Zugänge in die Rente wegen verminderter Erwerbsfähigkeit (§ 43 SGB VI), weil Berufsunfähigkeit ein Begriff der privaten Versicherung ist und keine amtliche Quote hat. Bericht der Bundesregierung über die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung 2025, Bundestagsdrucksache 21/3080, Anhang A 1.1 und A 2.1 (Quelle dort: Statistik der Deutschen Rentenversicherung): 171.732 Zugänge 2024 bei 40.114.022 aktiv Versicherten am 31.12.2023, also 0,43 Prozent je Jahr. Antwort der Bundesregierung, Bundestagsdrucksache 21/1792, Tabelle zu Frage 9: durchschnittliches Zugangsalter 2024 54,5 Jahre bei Männern und 53,5 bei Frauen. Eigene Rechnung: ein Risiko, das je Lebensjahr um den gleichen Faktor steigt (7,1 Prozent je Jahr), bei gleich vielen Versicherten je Alter von 18 bis 66, so gewählt, dass der Mittelwert 0,43 Prozent und das mittlere Zugangsalter 54 Jahre trifft, dann auf fünf Altersgruppen gemittelt. Über das ganze Erwerbsleben trifft es rund jeden Fünften. Die Form der Kurve ist die Glättung, die beiden Anker sind amtlich. Bundestagsdrucksachen sind amtliche Werke ohne Urheberrechtsschutz, mit Quellenangabe (https://www.bundestag.de/impressum, gelesen am 22. Oktober 2026). Die Statistikbände der Rentenversicherung selbst verlangen für jede Verwertung eine schriftliche Zustimmung und sind deshalb nicht genutzt. derived Source
  • trennung. 1.5 per cent a year. Vermögen halbiert bei Ehe (Zugewinn), Unterhalt nach kinder.json, zweite Wohnung, Energie minus 20. siehe partner.json, trennung (Destatis Ehescheidungen) assumption Source
  • erbschaft. 1 per cent a year. Topf Konto oder Immobilie, Höhe nach Klasse: die Hälfte des Klassenbands aus klassen.json, abzüglich Erbschaftsteuer nach erbe.json. Destatis, Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuerstatistik 2025, Pressemitteilung Nr. 306 vom 26. August 2026: steuerlich berücksichtigtes Vermögen aus Erbschaften und Schenkungen 150,5 Milliarden Euro, davon Erbschaften und Vermächtnisse 87,3 Milliarden. Die meisten Vermögensübergänge liegen innerhalb der Freibeträge und stehen deshalb nicht in der Statistik. Die Häufigkeit ist die Glättung des Konzepts. assumption Source
  • kind_unerwartet. 2 per cent a year. ein Kind nach kinder.json ohne Karte. Destatis, Geburten: ein Teil der Geburten ist ungeplant, das Konzept glättet auf zwei Prozent je Jahr bei Partnerschaft bis 40. assumption Source
  • pflegefall_eltern. 3 per cent a year. Pflegegrad gezogen nach pflege.json, Karte: selbst pflegen (Zeit) oder Heim (Geld). Destatis, Pflegestatistik 2023: rund 5,7 Millionen Pflegebedürftige, die meisten über 80. Ein Spieler von 50 hat Eltern um die 80. assumption Source
  • schaden. 8 per cent a year. 1.000 bis 15.000 Euro vom Konto: Auto, Zahn, Dach. Unter der Notgroschen-Linie führt es in den Dispo.. Destatis EVS, Gesundheit und Verkehr als Ausgabengruppen mit großen Einzelposten. Die Häufigkeit ist die Glättung des Konzepts. assumption Source
  • betrug. 1 per cent a year. 5 bis 30 Prozent eines Topfes, bevorzugt Einzelwerte oder Beteiligung. Bundeskriminalamt, Bundeslagebild Cybercrime und Wirtschaftskriminalität: Anlagebetrug nimmt zu, eine Quote je Haushalt veröffentlicht das BKA nicht. assumption Source
  • befoerderung. 5 per cent a year. Gehalt plus 15 Prozent, Arbeitszeit auf Führung (50 Stunden) als Wahl. Destatis, Verdienste: die Kurve nach Alter (rente.json, gehaltskurve). Die Häufigkeit ist die Glättung des Konzepts. assumption Source
  • firmenpleite. 10 per cent a year. der Einzelwert auf null. Destatis, Insolvenzstatistik, Pressemitteilung Nr. 085 vom 13. März 2026: 24.064 beantragte Unternehmensinsolvenzen 2025, 10,3 Prozent mehr als 2024. Zehn Prozent je Jahr für eine Industrie im Abstieg ist die Glättung des Konzepts. assumption Source
  • pandemie. 1.5 per cent a year. Lage auf Krise, Energie minus 20 bei allen. Geschichte: 2020. In den Reihen im Repo (lagen.json) ist 2020 ein Nullzinsjahr mit Einbruch und Erholung im selben Jahr. assumption Source
  • oelschock. 1.5 per cent a year. Lage auf Stagflation, Energiepreise doppelt (kosten.json, energieJeQm). Geschichte: 1973, 1979, 2022. Die Reihen im Repo halten 2022 als Krise mit 6,9 Prozent Inflation. assumption Source
  • guter_jahrgang. 3 per cent a year. alle Töpfe plus 3 Prozent, Motivation plus 10. Die guten Wellen des Konzepts (Abschnitt 13), kein Datensatz. assumption
  • tuer_oeffnet_sich. 4 per cent a year. ein Jobangebot plus 20 Prozent oder eine Beteiligung, als Karte mit Frist. Die guten Wellen des Konzepts (Abschnitt 13), kein Datensatz. assumption

The cards and the Twin

1012 cards in five decks, each in one of twelve areas of life, at least two per area in every phase. A card shows two to four ways and never the consequences before. After the way: which pot moved, how the cost list changed, how many months the carrying bar moved.

The Twin has the same seed, the same sky and the same throws of the dice, and decides as the average decides: saves eleven per cent, holds shares with the probability a household does, buys a car at the first car card and new with the share new cars have, also when a colleague shows off a new one, wants a home of his own with the owner-occupation rate of his age (Mikrozensus 2022, times a game factor, because not every wish meets a house card and a bank that says yes), moves a deep overdraft into the house where the bank allows it and sells the house in a shortfall where it does not, rather than wait for the creditors, follows the other status cards, sells half in a panic, has liability, contents and legal cover from the first month, pays a roof in cash out of the account and the fund where they keep three months of costs, gives up the car when the overdraft has passed three months of costs and nothing else is left to cut, buys only with six months of costs left over, moves when the job centre asks the rent to come down, and never thinks longer than a month. Every rule is in data/tough2/twin.json with its statistic.

The thousand lives above are the economy's average Twin. The Twin beside you in a played life is the better self: the same start, the cards in the months they come to you, the dice of every month and every draw, your children and your partner. He takes every life decision as you do (children, partner, where to live, insurance, how much risk), but in the month the card opens, never after your hesitation, and where your time runs out he changes nothing. Where a way can be measured he takes his own at once: he holds in a panic, saves automatically into the broad fund and never less than you or eleven per cent of his net, keeps three months of costs on the account, takes no loan for consumption, pays the dearest debt first and an overdraft out of the fund, and claims the housing benefit and the child supplement that are due. In 12,000 simulated lives, over three ways of playing and the four starts, he ends level or ahead in 99 of a hundred, in today's euro and without the debts an insolvency writes off (scripts/tough2-zwilling-schranke.mts, data/tough2/zwilling-schranke.json).

At the end the game replays the player's decisions five hundred times with other draws of the sky and the dice, the same technique as the simulation's Monte-Carlo, and says in how many of ten lives freedom came before sixty-two and before sixty-seven.

Where a figure comes from

Every figure with a source carries one of three marks. The mark says where it comes from, never how good it is.

  • official Published by an office, an index provider or an exchange, or written into the protocol itself. Where a year is given it is the year the figure is from.
  • derived Computed on this page out of a published series. The series is named with the mark.
  • assumption Set by you here. Nobody published this figure, and it is not a forecast.

Sources, with the day they were fetched

Every line names the publisher, the last year the series covers and the day the figures were last fetched. The full list of every source in the product is on the sources page.

  • Destatis, Zensus 2022, Mikrozensus 2022, Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe 2023, Laufende Wirtschaftsrechnungen 2022. Deutschlandticket 2026. Read 19 October 2026. The car costs and the price of a home are game values. Source
  • Destatis, Konsumausgaben von Familien für Kinder (EVS 2018), Eheschließungen 2024, Erwerbstätigkeit von Eltern 2024, Elterngeldstatistik 2025, Lebenserwartung 2025, Verdienstunterschied 2024, Studienverlaufsstatistik 2024. Eurostat, fertility indicators (demo_find). Deutsche Bundesbank, PHF. Read 19 to 21 October 2026. Source
  • § 32a, § 32d, § 20, § 32, § 66, § 23 EStG, § 11 GrEStG, § 20 InvStG, § 4 SolZG, Sozialversicherungsrechengrößen-Verordnung 2026. Read 18 October 2026. Source
  • SGB XII with the Regelbedarfsstufen-Fortschreibungsverordnung 2026, WoGG with its annexes, § 6a BKGG with the 15th subsistence report (Bundestag printed paper 20/13550), § 2 BEEG, § 77 SGB VI. Read 18 and 21 October 2026. Source
  • Rentenwertbestimmungsverordnung 2026, Sozialversicherungsrechengrößen-Verordnung 2026, SGB VI, SGB V, SGB III, SGB XI, BetrAVG, EStG, UStG. Destatis, Verdienste 2025. Read 19 October 2026. Source
  • § 37 and § 43 SGB XI, § 94 SGB XII, Destatis Pflegestatistik 2023, ErbStG, BGB, SGB VI. Read 19 October 2026. Source
  • European Central Bank, key interest rates, and the consumer price and S&P 500 series in the repository, classified over 1999 to 2025 by scripts/tough2-lagen.mts. Source
  • The real years and the assumption from today (data/tough2/historie, scripts/tough2-historie.mts, stand 2026-11-08): Aswath Damodaran, NYU Stern (S&P 500 with dividends, read 2026-10-23); Deutsche Bundesbank (consumer prices, policy rate, savings deposits, rents as sub-index 04.1 of the consumer price index, figures of the Federal Statistical Office under Datenlizenz Deutschland Namensnennung 2.0); European Central Bank (MFI interest rate statistics, euro reference rates); Eurostat (house price index for Germany, wages and salaries and employees of the national accounts); World Bank Commodity Price Data (gold, CC BY 4.0) and U.S. Geological Survey; the checked year-end prices of bitcoin in the repository. Each series carries its licence, its address and the day it was read in the data file and on the sources page. Source
  • European Central Bank, Distributional Wealth Accounts and Household Finance and Consumption Survey 2023. Destatis, Verdienste 2025 and Sparquote 2025. Deutsche Bundesbank, PHF 2021. Destatis, Zensus 2022. Read 19 October 2026. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder, Wohnen in Deutschland, Zusatzprogramm Wohnen des Mikrozensus 2022, table 1 (owner households by age of the main earner). Read 22 October 2026. The figures of the European Central Bank may be obtained free of charge on its website, www.ecb.europa.eu. Source
  • Eurostat, labour market transitions (lfsi_long_q) and unemployment by age and duration (lfsa_ugad). Destatis, Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuerstatistik 2025, Insolvenzstatistik 2025, Pflegestatistik 2023, Ehescheidungen, Geburten. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, Fahrzeugzulassungen 2025. Bundeskriminalamt. SGB V, SGB VI. As the statistics the event probabilities are smoothed on. Read 19 to 21 October 2026. Source

All sources